The Scarlet Letter And Bartleby, The Scrivener - 1251 Words

In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne narrates a Romantic story of a young woman in the Puritan Era who is convicted of adultery and has to face being a social outcast. Herman Melville examines the story of Bartleby, a copyist who mysteriously refuses to work and is, therefore, put in jail. In The Scarlet Letter and Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-street, Hawthorne and Melville use the characterization of Hester Prynne and Bartleby and their independent behavior to critique the effect society’s evils have on the Romantic ideal of individualism in order to remind their readers that despite the human inclination to conform to the community, self-reliance is more important than the status quo to support progress. By using†¦show more content†¦The townsfolk, representing society, demonstrated their evil through their lack of empathy. In the quote, Hawthorne lists one of the unreasonable punishments that society created for an instance of human frailty. In hi s eyes, Hester deserves no punishment, let alone â€Å"the brand of a hot iron†. Hawthorne uses this proposed punishment as an example of society’s wickedness and negativity. However, Hester, an individual, is shown to be â€Å"tall†, â€Å"elegant†, and â€Å"dignified†, despite being just released from jail. Hawthorne uses these majestic features to embellish Hester and display the beauty of individuality, in order to promote the idea of individualism over collectivism. Furthermore, the discussion among the women in the crowd also indicates Hawthorne’s commentary about society’s progress. The lack of agreement among the townsfolk, along with their senseless punishments for Hester, reveals their inability to come to a reasonable conclusion and achieve any progress. Later in the novel, Hawthorne continuous to glorify the individual and condemn the effects that society has on them. When Hester and Dimmesdale meet in the forest, they ar e far away from society, letting them speak and act freely. Since they are without any pressure from society to conform, Hester removes her scarlet letter and with the sense of freedom is able to express her true self and beliefs: â€Å"The stigma gone, Hester heaved a long, deep sigh,Show MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter And Bartleby The Scrivener1238 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne and â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† by Herman Melville, the two main characters face conflicts with society. In the â€Å"Scarlet Letter†, Hester Prynne, a young woman, is forced to bear a symbol of her affair with Reverend Dimmesdale on her chest and face public humiliation for the rest of her life. â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† is a story about a man who is a misfit, struggling to fit into society as a scrivener for Wall Street, who eventually dies in a prison. BothRead MoreHerman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne Show the Unbridgeable Gap Between Hum an Desires and Human Possibilities and the Mixture of Good and Evil in Even the Loftiest of Human Motives987 Words   |  4 Pagesand Melville In both works, â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† and The Scarlet Letter, Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne show the unbridgeable gap between human desires and human possibilities and the mixture of good and evil in even the loftiest of human motives. In â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† by Herman Melville, this idea is shown by how the Lawyer keeps Bartleby as one of his employers, even though Bartleby does not deserve to still be working. In the Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, this ideaRead MoreRelationship Between Society And The Individual2194 Words   |  9 Pageshas always been a relationship between the individual and society that is reflected in the written pieces of each time, revealing the connection between oneself and the collective spanning across the centuries. ‘The Scarlet Letter’, written in a Puritan world, and ‘Bartleby, The Scrivener’, written in capitalist America, are two key examples of literature that expose, deta il and discuss the relationship between society and the individual in American history. Alexis de Tocqueville (1835), a French politicalRead MoreIndividualism In Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter And The Scrivener1699 Words   |  7 Pagesindividualism. Within this movement, in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter and Herman Melville’s Bartleby, The Scrivener: A Story of Wall-Street, the characters set at the center of their respective narratives both challenge societal prejudices through actions different from the social norm. Hawthorne’s protagonist, Hester Prynne, is met with disgust and disdain from the Puritan community after committing only one sin; contrarily, Melville’s Bartleby is first met with awe and love from his boss on WallRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 Pagesbetween Native Americans (or American Indians) and European explorers and settlers who had both religious and territorial aspirations - Native American oral literature / oral tradition - European explorers’ letters, diaries, reports, etc., such as Christopher Columbus’s letters about his voyage to the â€Å"New world†. - Anglo (New England) settlers’ books, sermons, journals, narratives, and poetry Native American / American Indian oral literature / oral tradition creation storiesï ¼Ë†Ã¨ µ ·Ã¦ º Ã§ ¥Å¾Ã¨ ¯ Ã¯ ¼â€° Read MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 PagesThe curious incident of the dog in the night-time AF, APB YA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Curious_Incident_of_the_Dog_in_the_Night-time Hardy, Thomas Jude, the obscure AF Hardy, Thomas Tess of the D’Ubervilles AF Hawthorne, Nathaniel The scarlet letter AF Hemingway, Ernest, A clean well-lighted place, in Complete short stories AF Hinton, S.E. Outsiders YA Home and away: Australian stories of belonging and alienation ed. Bennett, Bruce AF Hosseini, Khaled The kite runner AF YA http://en.wikipedia

Psychiatric Nursing Case Study - 1722 Words

Case Study and Conceptual Framework for TT Psychiatric nursing is a specialized area of healthcare where nurses must be trained to recognize and treat a variety of mental health conditions. Having a solid foundation of the use of conceptual models, furthermore how it relates to one s nursing practice, is key to developing patient-centered plans that are holistic in naturel. Using the Douglas College Conceptual Framework (2014), along with the Douglas College Psychiatric Nursing Variable Assessment Guides (2013), this paper will explore the spiritual variable assessment guide when assessing a gentleman, named TT. With this, the client’s environment, strengths, treatment plan and potential for recovery will be discussed, with hopes of†¦show more content†¦It was not an amicable separation and TT found this to be a traumatic interpersonal stressor. TT found that his parents began to â€Å"battle† for his love, which led to his father buying whatever gifts he wanted, as well as letting him stay home from s chool. TT states he was an above average student, skipping a grade, until his parents’ divorce. This is when TT started using alcohol and marijuana to control his anxiety and self-medicate. TT used marijuana to self-manage his anxiety and states this was effective, until the age of 20. This is when TT decided to make a career change, and a stipulation was that he was to quit using marijuana, deciding to discover alternative ways of coping, which he states was focusing on his employment. Sadly, TT’s mother passed away from cancer when he was 21, causing a brief episode of untreated depression. During this time, TT relied heavily on alcohol to help cope. It appears the individual s ability to handle these stressors is dependent on one’s coping mechanism and individual line of defense. Supporting this, â€Å"Neuman and Fawcett maintain that stressors are often neutral in themselves, but are dependent on the client/client system s perception of the stressor as beneficial or noxious (positive or negative)†. (Douglas College Psychiatric Nursing, 2014 p. 24). Admittedly, TT states that he identifies that this was an â€Å"unhealthy time† in his life, which in turn isShow MoreRelated Nursing Case Study: Psychiatric Patient Essay1948 Words   |  8 PagesIn this case study, one day of care for a 28 year old, male patient on a low secure psychiatric unit will be examined and discussed. The main focus will be on implementation and evaluation of th e nursing process. These areas will be covered under; physiological, psycho-sociological and pharmacological aspects of the patient’s care. Although, the case study is discussed using third person expression, the care discussed is what was implemented and evaluated by myself, a second year student nurseRead MoreEssay about The Role of Psychiatric Nurse1443 Words   |  6 PagesClear role definition is essential to the development of the psychiatric nurse. The expanded role of the psychiatric nurse is clearly identified in the literature for many areas of care such for the forensic psychiatric nurse in Lyons (2009), the nurse practitioner in O’Neil, Moore, and Ryan (2008); Kaye et al. (2009) , and for the mental health liaison nurse in Merritt and Procter ( 2010). However, a clear role definition for the generalist nurse is not easily found (Rungapadiachy GoughRead MoreNursing Research Study Summary Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesNursing Research Study Summary There are six levels of violence identified among registered nurses including psychological, physical, vertical, horizontal, covert, and overt. The article research by this author was found in the Nursing Forum Journal, titled Levels of violence among nurses in Cape Town public hospitals (Khalil, 2009). Nursing research was done to identify and understand why the nursing profession lets violence happen among nurses within the profession. Background Violence amongRead MoreHildegard Pepln Case Study853 Words   |  4 Pagesfew of the leading theorists in psychiatric nursing. The goal of this discussion is to gain a better understanding of each of these theorists’ perspectives and how each one has contributed to psychiatric nursing and caring for individuals with mental illness. After the discussion, one should have an understanding of the different perspectives and be able to implement each perspective when for the client with mental illness. Week 2 Topic 2 Case Study Before entering a Behavioral HealthRead MoreThe Incidence Of Aggression And Violence Essay923 Words   |  4 Pagesexperiencing patient or family violence compared to other healthcare providers and auxiliary staff (Schablon, Zeh, Wendeler, Peters, Wohlert, Harling Nienhaus 2012). Evidence suggests that psychiatric nurses are two times likely to be exposed to threats of assault than medical-surgical nursing. As well, psychiatric nurses are 1.4 times more likely to be physically assaulted and 1.8 times more likely to be emotionally abused compared to nurses working in all other types of units (Hesketh et al. 2003)Read MoreMental Health Study Guide 11071 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Topic 1:Course Orientation Nursing Roles and Behaviors: Roles and Functions Health, Wellness, and Illness: Health Beliefs Related to Mental Health- Theories Legal Issues: Legal and Ethical Considerations 1. Define and describe psychiatric and mental health nursing: Psychiatric nursing focuses on care and rehab of people with identifiable mental illness or disorder Mental Health nursing focuses on well and at risk population to prevent mental illness or provide immediate treatment for thoseRead MorePatient-Related Violence for Nurses in Australia Essay1359 Words   |  6 Pagesexperience violence on a weekly basis and between 60-90% of nurses reported exposure to violence, both verbal and physical (Pich et al., 2010). Patients were consistently identified as the most common source of such violence, responsible for ≠¤89% of all cases (Pich et al., 2010). Verbal abuse, a form of psychological abuse, was reported by ≠¤82% of nurses across a range of clinical environments to be the most common form of abuse (Pich et al., 2010). Swearing or obscenity was identified as the most commonRead MoreBehavioral Health Issues Within Inpatient Psychiatric Treatment1564 Words   |  7 Pagesof the most frequently reported behavioral health issues in inpatient psychiatric settings involves patient assaults (Perez, 2014). Increased occurrence of assau lts can have a damaging impact on the life of psychiatric patients (Luckhoff et al., 2013). It presents a threat to the physical and psychological well-being of both psychiatric nursing staff and all patients present (Luckhoff et al., 2013). There are numerous studies showing assaults occurring amongst staff and patients hospitalized in inpatientRead MoreWhat Constitutes Evidence For Physicians?1630 Words   |  7 Pagesbiochemical individualization should be shifting our focus away from population based medicine to individual approaches. The National Council for State Boards of Nursing has developed a universally accepted definition of evidenced based nursing practice. This includes use of best research with clinical expertise and clinical values. A study of 3,000 registered nurses evaluated their perception of the use of the evidence based practice. While most of those participating in the survey acknowledgedRead MoreAssessment and Care of a Client with Borderline Personality Disorder819 Words   |  3 PagesMental Health Nursing Objective The objective of this study is to describe the assessment and care of a client with borderline personality disorder. This work will additionally demonstrate the complexity of the problems and needs of this client and how this impacts on their illness and service providers. Additionally this work will describe the clients particular mental health problems, discuss possible causative factors and describe how the person was assessed and what interventions were used

Zach Galifianakis Free Essays

I chose Zach Galifianakis because he is my favorite actor, why? Dear reader that’s what you are about to know. I think he is exstremely funny and when he acts in movies or tv shows he acts like a child, that’s why I like him, he reminds me of me. He has a magnificent humour and a nice looking curly hair. We will write a custom essay sample on Zach Galifianakis or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is called Zach but his real name is Zacharius Knight Galifianakis. He was born in Wilkesboro, North Carolina in 1969 October the first. He had a mother named Mary Franecs who ran a community center for arts, and a father named Harry Galifianakis who was a heating oil vendor. He had two siblings a younger sister named Merrit and a older brother Greg. Zach went to college, but he failed class with by one point and moved to New York. He started his career in the back of a hamburger joint in Times Square as a comedian. But his career in television began i 1996 when he played the recurring role of a stoner named Bobby in the short lived sitcom Boston Common. He had his own comedy show called Comedy Central Presents that first came out in September 2001. He acted some small roles like in the films Corky Romano, Below, Bubble Boy, Heartbreakers, Into the Wild, Super High Me, Little Fish Strange Pond, and Largo. He is most known for playing in the â€Å"Hangover† movies as Alan an annoying brother, â€Å"Due Date† as Ethan an annoying and stupid stalker and â€Å"It’s a kind of a funny story† as Bobby and depressed old man. Today he is forty years old and famous actor that has his future in front of him. First I thought he was 20-30 years old because of how he acts and his looks. It’s like he is always the same character in movies. I have much faith in him and I hope he becomes even more famous and better in the future. How to cite Zach Galifianakis, Papers

International Trade Goods and Services

Question: Discuss about the International Tradefor Goods and Services. Answer: The Concept of International Trade: International trade can be defined as the process of exchange of goods and services in between the countries. This kind of trade yields to the betterment of the world economy as a whole, in the entire process supply and demand as well as the prices play a vital role and are also affected by the events taking place all around the globe (BernatonytÄ— and NormantienÄ— 2015). For instance if there is a change in the political framework of Asia it may give rise to the cost of hiring labor force and thereby increase the manufacturing cost of American sneaker company which is based in Malaysia (Degryse et al. 2012). This will certainly increase the price of the product available all over the world. On the other hand, a decrease in the cost associated with labor will certainly result in a fall of the price of the product (Cabral et al. 2013). The opportunity of global trading is that the countries get exposure towards the goods and services which are not readily available to them; in the international market almost all types of goods are available like, cloths, foods, jewelry, stocks, wine and etc. In the context of international trade a good that is sold in the global market is termed as an export on the contrary, whenever a good is bought from the global market it is called an import (Cabral et al. 2013). These imports and exports are accounted in the balance sheet and the balance of payments of the concerned trading country. Inter Industry Trade: Presently it has become a myth that the world is highly integrated and become g more integrated with the passage of time. it is a matter of fact that since the second world war international trade has grown faster than that of the income. According to Jambor (2014), an intra-industry trade is defined as the trade between similar goods that requires the same proportions of the input factors. While on the other hand inter-industry trade is defined as the trade process which is driven by the differences present in the factor proportions or may be the differences across the preferences across the countries (Ramondo et al. 2016). It has been argued that there is a decline in the proportion of inter-industry trade mainly because of two reasons: a) It has been observed that the there is a similar growth in the factor proportion across various countries. The reason behind this is the increase in the level of physical as well as human capital is greater than or that of the factors like labor and land. b) The structure of preference is non-homothetic and this gives rise to the growing similarity of preferences across various countries with the rise in the level of per capita income (Ramondo et al. 2016). Both of these mechanisms will lead to a decrease in the trade ratio until and unless these mechanisms are mitigated by an intra-industry trade (Balassa and Bauwens 2014). In association with the activity of solving the mysterious behavior of the long term trade ratio, it is also believed that an appraisal of the characteristics of the international trade during the time period of 19th century is quite important and evident in learning and understanding the intellectual development of the inter-industry trade theory developed by Heckscher and Ohlin (Balassa and Bauwens 2014). It has also been argued that the Heckscher Ohlin theory of trade is unable to explain the key features of the international trade effectively and efficiently. For example it fails to explain the trade between the large and fast growing trade between two analogous countries in similar products. Although it is worth to argue that the Heckscher Ohlin theory of trade was more relevant in the past when trade was motivated mostly by the differences in the preferences or factor proportions (Vona 2013). Theoretical Explanation of Inter-Industry Trade: The inter-industry trade is mainly driven by the existence of the dissimilarities in the factors of production or the preferences across the countries while intra industry trade is mainly driven by the changes in the economies of scale involved in the process of production of the production of various differentiated products (Hine and Greenaway 2016). There are evidences that intra industry trade was less important while compared to that of the inter industry trade during the pre-World War II period. Since the occurrence of World War II a number of researchers have presented studies that depicted the fact there was a persistent fall in the level of inter industry trade. In this section of the study two consecutive theories will be demonstrated which will be able to determine the underlying reasons behind these phenomenon (BotriĆ¡ 2013). There is a tendency that inter industry trade will shrink if and only if the concerned countries grow similarly with their factor proportions with the passage of time. It has also been suggested by BotriĆ¡ (2013), that there are a number of factors that gives rise to this growth in the similarity of factor proportions. Moreover, if the natural resources acted as the source of differences in the factor proportions, technology used to conserve those resources will eminently reduce the amount of trade based on differences of resources (Balassa and Bauwens 2014). In a more general way it can be stated that in a world where there are some factors that are exogenously given such as labor and land and also there are some factors that can be augmented endogenously such as the physical capital as well as human capital (Ferto and Jambor 2015). Now, the growth of these endogenous factors compared to the exogenous factors is quite likely to give rise to similarities in the proportions of input factors across the countries. This mean that investing equal amounts in both the capital rich and capital poor countries which is obviously greater than the rate of growth of labor will be amalgamated in the growth of similarity in the proportion of input factors across these countries (Ferto and Jambor 2015). It is quite easy to depict that in a world where there are two countries, two goods and two factors of proportion, if there is an increase in the growth of similarity between the proportions of input factors it will lead to a shrink in the inter-industry trade. The proof of this statement can be depicted with the help of a figure, Figure 1: Autarky Equilibrium (Source: Ahern and Harford 2014) In the figure above the production possibility curve of country 1 is given by the curve aa and it is also quite evident from the curve that the country is well endowed with the factor that is more intensively used in the production of X. I0 and I1 represents the indifference curves respectively. When there is no trade the economy will be in equilibrium at point A where the indifference curve I0 is tangent to the production possibility frontier (Ahern and Harford 2014). The price ratio at this equilibrium level can be obtained by determining the slope of the tangent to the indifference curve at the point A. Now, if country is 1 is opened for trade, it is not necessary that production and consumption will occur at the same point. In any given international price ratio the country will be in equilibrium when the production possibility curve will have the same slope as the price ratio curve (Ahern and Harford 2014). If a tangent is drawn at this point this will represent the budget line. Hence the optimal point of consumption will be the point where the budget line is tangent to the indifference curve. Figure 2: Initial Trade Equilibrium (Source: Ahern and Harford 2014) Now in the figure above the production possibility frontier of both the countries are represented. In the case of the production possibility frontier of country 2 it is observed that, the country is endowed with more of the factors that is most intensively used in the production of Y (Ahern and Harford 2014). For the sake of simplicity is assumed that both of the countries possess homothetic preferences. It is quite evident that in equilibrium both the countries will be faced with the same price ration and the value of exports sold by them will be exactly equal to the value of imports bought by them (Ahern and Harford 2014). The trade ration for country 1 in this case will be double the ratio of cd and Og. On the contrary the trade ratio for country 2 will be the same (Ahern and Harford 2014). Now, if the factor endowments are relocated between country 1 and country 2 so as to make them more identical but maintain their sizes equal to each other as depicted in the figure below. Figure 3: Convergence of factors (Source: Casson 2012) The countries are subject to the same budget line gg and the consumption of these countries will also be retained ta the point C. the production point of country 2 will now be nearer to point E because of the reduction in the slope of the new production possibility frontier and similar will be the case for country 1, production point will be represented by D. in this case total trade as well as the trade ratio will reduce (Casson 2012). There is another theoretical framework that is dedicated in explaining the decline in the level of inter industry trade is focused on the existence of homothetic preferences. Author pointed out a static framework that depicts non-homothetic preferences play an important role in determining the North South trade (Ito and Okubo 2012). If the comparatively poor countries have faster rate of per capita growth compared to the rich countries preference will soon become similar as the gap between the per capita incomes gradually mitigates. It is also pointed out by Peterson and Thies (2012) that if the poor countries are not growing at a significantly faster rate compared to that of the rich countries the net effect of growth process will make the indifference curve of both the countries more or less similar. Now to stress on the non-homotheticity two countries are considered each of which possesses identical production possibility frontier. However, the country 1 is endowed with a larger population compared to that of country 2and therefore; the per capita income of country 2 is lower. It is also assumed that the individuals in both the countries possess identical preferences (Gabrisch 2012). Such that, when the income level is low, preference is skewed towards the staple good X and when the level of income is high the preference of the individuals will definitely be inclined towards the luxury good Y. now, because of the difference in the per capita income the indifference curve of both the countries are not identical (Ahern and Harford 2014). In the figure below the budget line is tangent to the indifference curves of both the countries and it is also consistent with the balanced level of trade. In this case both the countries will produce at C; consumption will remain at A in both the countries (Gabrisch 2012). It is also to be noted that both the countries have equal level of production and as a result trade will be balanced and the trade ratio will also be equal across the countries. Figure 4: Non-homothetic Preferences (Source: Gabrisch 2012) The study above have successfully addressed the concept of inter industry trade in the context of two countries and the underlying reason behind the fall in the inter industry trade. In the next section intra industry trade will be discussed briefly (Gabrisch 2012). Intra Industry Trade: The term intra industry trade refers to that genre of international trade where similar products which belong to the same industry are exchanged between the countries involved in trade process (MacCharles 2012). The reason behind the inter industry trade can easily be explained with the help of an example. Consider there are two countries they mainly produce watches and radios. It is also assumed that the products are homogeneous and the countries are analogous (Ahern and Harford 2014). Again it is assumed that there are economies of scale, this means that when greater output is generated production costs will fall consecutively (Melitz and Trefler 2012). Therefore, it is quite evident that it will definitely be beneficial for the countries if one of them produces only watch and the other produces only radio. However, this is still not the case of intra industry trade; intra industry trade will take place in when transport costs are incorporated (Crescenzi et al. 2015). For example t wo countries share a border but some of the states are served best by the nearer plants because of the transportation cost involved. Now if the products are differentiated then also one country will definitely specialize in producing a particular variety of watches. Then one country will produce more sports watches and the other will produce luxurious watches (Kimura and Obashi 2016). As per the statistics of 1996, 57 percent of the trade in US took place within, rather than between the four digit Standard International Trade Classification industries. It is also to be noted that the intra industry trade contributes to more than 60 percent of the total European trade and near about 20 percent in the total Japanese trade (Degryse et al. 2012). As per the theory of trade Japan will definitely have a lower amount of intra industry trade because its factor endowments are completely different from the other developed countries, on an added note it can also be stated that Japan does not possesses much of the border trade. Moreover, in Japan the ratio of population to the land is 365 which is significantly higher (Markusen 2013). Therefore, it is quite evident that the country will import a significantly large amount of raw materials compared to most of the other developed countries. With this high amount of imported raw materials the scope of producing highly differenti ated products is less and thereby the amount of intra industry trade is also lower (Ahern and Harford 2014). The basic significance of intra industry trade arises from the fact that this type of trade is not based on comparative advantage (Degryse et al. 2012). In order to determine the main characteristics it is found that the intra industry trade mainly takes place because of the highly differentiated products and it is also a fact that producing a particular product will also involve a specific fixed cost (Markusen 2013). Therefore, Ford makes more of the sports utility vehicles and thereby reduces the unit cost, the more convertibles produced by Mercedes Benz the lower will be the unit cost. It is also argued that some elements of comparative advantage may also be involves in this context such as Germany may possess a competitive advantage in producing cars of higher quality. However, according to Aobdia et al. (2014), the pattern of trade cannot be determined to the extent the comparative advantage is involved, but when the economies of scale are involved who exports what becomes deter minate. Intra industry trade is beneficial for the economy of the country as well as the industry (Degryse et al. 2012). However, the first and foremost benefit of intra industry trade that can be pointed out is that international trade is not needed to incorporate in itself the dislocations yielded by the intra industry trade (Ban 2015). According to the Stolper Samuelson theorem due to international trade there may be a relocation of income distribution between the scarce factors to the abundant factors. However, it should also be noted that if the lions share of the international trade is intra industry the effect of internal distribution of income will be reduced (Rana et al. 2012). Moreover, if the trade process is not based on the abundant and scarce factors it will definitely not result in an increase in the demand for abundant factors and a reduction in the demand for scarce factors. Therefore, the expansion of trade may not result in a major changed in the income distribution (Degry se et al. 2012). On the other hand, intra industry trade also boosts the gains from trade by exploiting the economies of scale in a proper manner except from competitive advantage (Kim 2013). This is because trade compels the countries to focus on some particular products of a particular industry. This also contributes in increasing the world output by reducing the fixed costs (Ramondo et al. 2016). Now, in order to summarize it can be stated that the study has effectively evaluated the concepts of both, the intra industry and inter industry trade in an efficient manner. In the context of the inter industry trade the concept has first been introduced and then the recent trends in the inter industry trade have been discussed followed by a brief description of the caused behind this trend. Two approaches have been used in deciphering the underlying reasons behind this trend. The first theory explained this trend by using the concept of diminishing differences between the factor proportions while the second one focused more on the non-homothetic preferences. In the context of intra industry as well, at first the conceptual framework of intra industry trade has been described. In the next section the underlying causes of intra industry trade and the significance have been stated. In the modern day it is quite evident that most of the trade is intra industry. It should also be noted that there is a lack of study conducted in the context of inter industry trade, therefore, this study may contribute in the literature regarding this topic and may help the researchers who will further show interest in this context. Moreover, while conducting the study a brief survey of relevant literature has been conducted and this has helped to gain a broader insight of the concepts of international trade. In the light of this knowledge it have been tried to address all the contexts of the concerned study. Reference List: Ahern, K.R. and Harford, J., 2014. The importance of industry links in merger waves.The Journal of Finance,69(2), pp.527-576. Aobdia, D., Caskey, J. and Ozel, N.B., 2014. Inter-industry network structure and the cross-predictability of earnings and stock returns.Review of Accounting Studies,19(3), pp.1191-1224. Balassa, B. and Bauwens, L., 2014.Changing trade patterns in manufactured goods: An econometric investigation(Vol. 176). Elsevier. Ban, I.M., 2015. Macroeconomic determinants of romanian intra-industry trade. A study of key contributors to export sales.Studia Universitatis Babes Bolyai-Oeconomica,60(2), pp.3-21. BernatonytÄ—, D. and NormantienÄ—, A., 2015. Estimation of importance of Intra-industry Trade.Engineering Economics,53(3). BotriĆ¡, V., 2013. Determinants of Intra-industry Trade between Western Balkans and EU-15: Evidence from Bilateral Data.International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research, (2), pp.7-23. Cabral, M., Falvey, R. and Milner, C., 2013. Endowment Differences and the Composition of Intraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Industry Trade.Review of International Economics,21(3), pp.401-418. Casson, M., 2012.Multinationals and world trade: Vertical integration and the division of labour in world industries. Routledge. Crescenzi, R., Gagliardi, L. and Iammarino, S., 2015. Foreign Multinationals and domestic innovation: intra-industry effects and firm heterogeneity.Research Policy,44(3), pp.596-609. 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Countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Specific Determinants of Horizontal and Vertical Intraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ industry Agrià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ food Trade: The Case of the EU New Member States.Journal of Agricultural Economics,65(3), pp.663-682. Kim, I.S., 2013. Political cleavages within industry: firm level lobbying for trade liberalization.Mimeogr., MIT. Kimura, F. and Obashi, A., 2016. Production networks in East Asia: What we know so far. InProduction Networks and Enterprises in East Asia(pp. 33-64). Springer Japan. MacCharles, D.C., 2012.Trade among multinationals: intra-industry trade and national competitiveness(Vol. 24). Routledge. Markusen, J.R., 2013. Putting per-capita income back into trade theory.Journal of International Economics,90(2), pp.255-265. Melitz, M.J. and Trefler, D., 2012. Gains from trade when firms matter.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,26(2), pp.91-118. Peterson, T.M. and Thies, C.G., 2012. 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