Downsizing And Reengineering The American Public And Private Sector Ess

Scaling back And Reengineering The American Public And Private Sector Wheels of Industry Over the previous decade, an ever increasing number of American associations are cutting back and reengineering as a methods for wiping out abundances in corporate staffing, organization, and uses. This is genuine today whether it’s a revenue driven organization or not-revenue driven organization. Consistent change is another lifestyle as organizations endeavor to address clients issues and the capacity to effectively advance, on numerous occasions to accomplish upper hands. In addition, American organizations are confronting a wild worldwide condition and are scaling back to accomplish cost-bringing efficiencies down to render their firm increasingly fit to battle industrious worldwide contenders. American associations are likewise scaling back with an end goal to adapt to principal and basic changes in economies and markets.1 Since scaling back and reengineering is too much utilized in today’s associations, we should not erroneously befuddle the two terms, and since American associations are confronted with the issue of gigantic updating, we should comprehend the significance and the motivation behind both. We should likewise consider the essential methodologies associations use in executing cutting back. Furthermore, we should take a gander at the money saving advantages to the associations, just as the upper hands are that accomplished. In addition, while little accentuation of the worker is considered as far as workforce decrease, there is a need to take a gander at the antagonistic effects on the representative and the staff issues that associations cause because of the repercussions of cutting back. Cutting back is related and frequently mistook for various terms. The expression cutting back was instituted to characterize the downsizing of the vehicle by sizes via car manu... ...ture. AMACOM American Management Association, 1987 (Pg. 55-67). 6Cohen, Steven and Eimicke, William. The New Effective Public Administrator. Jossey-Bass Publishers. San Francisco, 1995 (197-199) 7Tomasko, Robert M. Scaling down: Reshaping the Corporation for the Future. AMACOM American Management Association, 1987 (Pg. 88-89). 8Tomasko, Robert M. Scaling down: Reshaping the Corporation for the Future. AMACOM American Management Association, 1987 (Pg. 40). 9Tomasko, Robert M. Scaling down: Reshaping the Corporation for the Future. AMACOM American Management Association, 1987 (238-245). 10Cohen, Steven and Eimicke, William. The New Effective Public Administrator. Jossey-Bass Publishers. San Francisco, 1995 (Pg. 103-109). 11Cohen, Steven and Eimicke, William. The New Effective Public Administrator. Jossey-Bass Publishers. San Francisco, 1995 (Pg. 109-111). Scaling down And Reengineering The American Public And Private Sector Ess Cutting back And Reengineering The American Public And Private Sector Wheels of Industry Over the previous decade, an ever increasing number of American associations are scaling down and reengineering as a methods for wiping out abundances in corporate staffing, organization, and consumptions. This is genuine today whether it’s a revenue driven organization or not-revenue driven organization. Steady change is another lifestyle as organizations endeavor to address clients issues and the capacity to effectively improve, on numerous occasions to accomplish upper hands. Also, American organizations are confronting a savage worldwide condition and are scaling down to accomplish cost-bringing efficiencies down to render their firm increasingly fit to battle persistent worldwide contenders. American associations are additionally cutting back with an end goal to adapt to essential and auxiliary changes in economies and markets.1 Since scaling back and reengineering is too much utilized in today’s associations, we should not erroneously confound the two terms, and since American associations are confronted with the issue of huge updating, we should comprehend the importance and the reason for both. We should likewise consider the basic methodologies associations use in actualizing scaling down. What's more, we should take a gander at the money saving advantages to the associations, just as the upper hands are that accomplished. Also, while little accentuation of the worker is considered as far as workforce decrease, there is a need to take a gander at the unfriendly effects on the representative and the faculty issues that associations acquire because of the fallout of scaling back. Scaling back is related and frequently mistook for various terms. The expression cutting back was instituted to characterize the downsizing of the vehicle by sizes via car manu... ...ture. AMACOM American Management Association, 1987 (Pg. 55-67). 6Cohen, Steven and Eimicke, William. The New Effective Public Supervisor. Jossey-Bass Publishers. San Francisco, 1995 (197-199) 7Tomasko, Robert M. Cutting back: Reshaping the Corporation for the Future. AMACOM American Management Association, 1987 (Pg. 88-89). 8Tomasko, Robert M. Cutting back: Reshaping the Corporation for the Future. AMACOM American Management Association, 1987 (Pg. 40). 9Tomasko, Robert M. Cutting back: Reshaping the Corporation for the Future. AMACOM American Management Association, 1987 (238-245). 10Cohen, Steven and Eimicke, William. The New Effective Public Supervisor. Jossey-Bass Publishers. San Francisco, 1995 (Pg. 103-109). 11Cohen, Steven and Eimicke, William. The New Effective Public Supervisor. Jossey-Bass Publishers. San Francisco, 1995 (Pg. 109-111).

Some academics and opinion leaders have considered 'gatewatching' and Essay

A few scholastics and assessment pioneers have considered 'gatewatching' and 'produsage' the main impetuses of Web 2.0. With re - Essay Example (What Is Web 2.0) Many academicians everywhere throughout the world have begun doing an inside and out examination on the idea of the Web 2.0 and have discovered that ‘gatewatching’ and ‘produsage’ have become the main impetuses of this web produced assortment of utilizations. These terms have been additionally clarified inside this paper concerning different circles like mechanical combination, aggregate insight and democratization and how this has assisted with facilitating spread the act of utilizing the Web 2.0. Gatewatching is essentially a term used to allude to the procedure whereby which individuals will in general post diverse intriguing stories and bits of news everywhere throughout the web. This is completely outfitted every now and then on various sites and individuals can access the equivalent through web crawlers by composing in watchwords. It is an extremely supportive and fundamental piece of Web 2.0 on the grounds that it has helped an enorm ous number of individuals in looking and discovering data according to their necessities as for solid sources everywhere throughout the web. This is a training that has been followed in the field of resident news coverage too. It is otherwise called ‘gatekeeping’ news since anybody can post completely anything as for any subject of concern and that is the reason it has helped in making various debates everywhere throughout the world also. For instance, in late news, the author of Wikileaks, Julian Assange was captured for having spilled out fundamental data and reports through such methods of resident news coverage; Wikileaks is a site whereby which news and stories are posted namelessly by journalists and individuals everywhere throughout the world. Anybody can come ahead and submit data of significance to others, and once it has been checked by the division at the site, it is distributed for the general population so as to peruse and confirm insights about a specific theme within reach. (Gatewatching and Citizen Journalism) There are various networks and gatherings that do gatewatching also, rather than unique individuals presenting their data somewhere else on to various sites. They help to offer a vastly improved point of view alongside a gathering of conversation from individuals all around the globe regarding whatever has been occurring or whatever has been posted. Axel Bruns, alongside two other of his collaborators, started the Gatewatching blog where the site is run with the assistance of data that they get from everywhere throughout the world as for significant occasions occurring in Australia, and now as of late, all over the place. They have likewise, through the site, attempted to advance the idea of resident news coverage, by assuming the errand of detailing significant occasions occurring during the Australian decisions from the late 2008 and onwards. Such sites are extremely enlightening and give conclusions regard to whatever has been occurring, to help the ordinary citizens who probably won't know about what has been going on in the news in their environmental factors. They assist individuals with figuring their own suppositions and not get influenced by a specific position on a specific subject of issue or intrigue. In this manner, it helps an extraordinary in achieving majority rules system inside a nation. In nations like China where the administration will even make the necessary strides, similar to it

Will Repossession Hurt My Credit

Will Repossession Hurt My Credit Will Repossession Hurt My Credit? Will Repossession Hurt My Credit?Try to avoid the insult as well as the injury; learn how to cope when you arent able to pay.If you are facing repossession, your credit score may be low on your list of concerns. If your car is repossessed, you will have to find a new way to get to work. If your house is repossessed, you will have to find a new place to keep yourself safe from the elements.Having to navigate these fundamental necessities means that slightly more esoteric concerns, like your credit score, may take a temporary backseat. However, you should not ignore it completely. A low credit score may have originally contributed to the repossession, and a higher credit score might be key to preventing it from happening again in the future.Whether you are worried about repossession, are currently undergoing it, or are just repo-curious, there is no better time than the present to find out how repossession will affect your credit score.Repossession basicsHere’s the skinny on how repo ssession works: Certain loans require a form of collateral to guarantee the loan. Car loans and mortgages tend to require collateral, with the car and house acting as that collateral, respectively. If you do not make your required payments on the loan, the bank or lender will seize the collateral. This seizure is called repossession.Different states have different laws that govern repossession and some may require your creditor to inform you before seizing the collateral in question. You can research online to familiarize yourself with the laws for your state.Will repossession affect your credit?We often write about the ways in which financial struggles can compound and lead to a “poor get poorer” effect. The impact that a repossession will have on one’s credit score is no exception.“Having a car repossessed can reduce an otherwise excellent credit score by as much as 150 points,” warns Shiva Bhaskar Esq., an attorney with Tier One Credit. “However, if you have a somewha t lower credit score, the impact will be less. Bad credit scores are impacted less by additional negative items like a [repossession], but if you have good credit, youll take a major hit.”Softening the blow  Given that you will already be struggling with the obvious results of repossession, you should take whatever steps you can to protect your credit. The best option is recognizing that you are at risk for repossession and keeping it from happening in the first place.Jennifer Harder, founder CEO of Jennifer Harder Mortgage Brokers, says, “You can attempt to avoid [repossession] by talking to your lender to see if a loan reinstatement is possible.” However, it may cost you a pretty penny upfront. “This would require you to pay the past due payments, interest, penalties, late fees, and any repossession costs.”If you have accepted that you can no longer make your payments, choosing to surrender your collateral may be the best option. Bhaskar says here are a few ways to avoi d or reduce the impact of repossession:One is to give the vehicle back to the dealership or lender, and negotiate some sort of settlement. In some cases, this will allow you to avoid having a repossession placed on your credit reports, although not always.Often the lender will note this as a voluntary repossession, which does harm your credit. However, it is negotiable, and perhaps you will be able to convince the lender not to list this as a repossession. Even if it is listed as a [repossession], giving the car back and settling the debt can result in fewer late payments leading up to the repossession, and thus offset the credit damage somewhat.Bhaskar also offers another advantage that voluntary repossession can hold over involuntary: If you do not negotiate a settlement, the creditor could seize your collateral, sell it for less than you owe, and still keep you on the hook for the remaining balance.The road to recoveryUltimately, the most reliable way to offset the hit your credi t score takes from repossession is practicing the same habits that help your credit in general.“You can also attempt to reduce the damage to your credit by making sure your bills are always paid on time, use a secured credit card to rebuild your credit, or consider a credit-builder loan,” Harder says. “A credit builder loan requires you to make monthly payments, and at the end of the loan term, the money is released to you.” Experian is also offering opportunities for consumers to boost their credit scores.While repossession can make future financial transactions more difficult, the opposite is also true. If you can get your credit up, you will be able to get better terms on loans and leases in the future, and start turning that financial domino effect in the right direction.ContributorsShiva Bhaskar is a consumer rights attorney and credit scoring expert, focusing on the Fair Credit Reporting Act and Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. Bhaskar is the co-founder of Tier One Credit, a full service credit repair firm, based in southern California. Bhaskar is also the principal attorney for Gopal Law Group, a consumer rights law firm. He is a member of the American Bar Association, as well as the National Association of Consumer Advocates. Hes a graduate of the UCLA School of Law, having also earned his undergraduate degree at UCLA.  Jennifer Harder  is a mortgage broker with over 30 years of management and sales experience. Throughout her mortgage career, Jennifer has helped hundreds of clients solve their financial challenges. Her motto is to focus on the client’s needs above all else. Follow her  @JenniferHarder4.

Should Marijuana Be Legalized Essay - 1985 Words

Abstract This project will observe the legalization of marijuana from 2013 to 2014 after the pot law of January 2011 when into effect in order to conclude if there any changes within marijuana arrest and crime rates. Denver marijuana arrestee record data will be used despite race, gender and ethnicity. They will observe marijuana arrestee record from 2013 to 2014 to analyze to see if there any benefit after the pot law of January 2011 when into effect. It is predict that legalization of marijuana will reduce crime. The implications of the results will permit us to find a solution to the marijuana crime that population confronts today. Introduction Should marijuana be legalized to reduce crime rates? Yes, marijuana should be legalized to reduce crime rates. The legalization of marijuana will have a significant impact on the reduction of crime. Making marijuana criminal to use is costing close to eight billion dollar a year in criminal justice resources. It provides net benefit greater that alternatives such as a legal regulated market for marijuana. The legalization of marijuana will decrease the cause of property crime and homicide, marijuana, burglaries, motor vehicle thefts, and larcenies along with subsequent increase in hard drug arrest. Literature Review Shepard and Blackley analysis has assessed the impacts of marijuana arrests, conditions in local labor markets, and the effectiveness of local law enforcement upon rates of several non-drugShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the medical si de of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this wouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?985 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize Marijuana Despite what people believe about marijuana, it hasn’t once proved to be the cause of any real issue. It makes you wonder what the reason as to why there is a war on drugs. Why is marijuana the main concern? Since the time that alcohol and tobacco became legal, people wonder why marijuana isn’t legal yet. The fact that marijuana is illegal is mainly caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the drug war. Once the government starts anything, they stick to it. At

Racism and Ethnicity Issues in Morrison, O´Connor, and...

The central problem in Flannery O’Connor’s story, â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge†, Maxine Hong Kingston’s â€Å"The Woman Warrior†, and Toni Morrison’s â€Å"Recitatif†, revolve on the issue of race. Morrison and O’Connor focus on the theme of race specifically between blacks and whites in America. It could be said that Kingston’s â€Å"The Woman Warrior† concentrates on the racial difference between Asian and Caucasian but race is not made to be a big issue in this novel, since almost all of the characters is ethnically Chinese. Instead, the relationships are more marked by nationality. The characters in Jhumpa Lahiri’s collection of stories â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies†, are of Indian origin and deal with the problem of ethnicity. In â€Å"Everything†¦show more content†¦All the African American characters, meanwhile, take advantage of the growing equality as an equal class of citizens. It is not surprising, therefore, that the black man Julies tries to befriend is the best-dressed person on the bus or that the large black woman with the hat strikes Julian’s mother for having offered Carver a penny. In Toni Morrison’s â€Å"Recitatif†, the underlying theme deals with racism. An interesting twist is the mystery of the girls’ race. Morrison has described the story as an experiment in the removal of all racial codes from a narrative about two characters of different races for which racial identity is crucial†. Leaving clues, but never stating whether Twyla or Roberta was black or white, Morrison makes it clear that the girls come from different ethnic backgrounds. At one point in the essay Twyla comments, â€Å"That we looked like salt and pepper†. Though the characters are clearly separated by class, neither is affirmed as African American or Caucasian. Morrison never states the race of the girls for a purpose: to make the reader form his/her own opinion. There are many instances that Morrison uses things that are stereotypically â€Å"black† or Antoniou 4 â€Å"white†. Morrison thrives off the stereotypes people have set for blacks and whites. For example, Twyla’s mother told her that â€Å"those† people smelled funny because they didn’t wash their hair. This might suggest that Roberta was black because she believes that

Causes of Criminal Behavior Free Essays

In today’s time, deviance and crime plaque American society. There are vast degrees of deviance, from a simple shoplifter, to a car thief, to a killing machine with no conscience, otherwise known as a serial killer. How is this killing machine created? Where and how does this type of criminal behavior begin? The answers to these questions must be addressed in order to stop the formation of deviance. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Criminal Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now While searching for these answers, the nature vs. nurture is brought up. Scientist and psychologists have debated over whether a child’s upbringing forms their behavior or whether they are born with a personality disorder, or could it be their body type and brain set up? (Jones 1) Society may never truly know all the causes of this behavior but for now, they wrong upbringing can, without a doubt, increase the chances of violent behavior. It has been said for years that ones parents are the base to make someone the person they become as an adult. Parents are a young child’s role model, but as we grow older we start to have other influences in our lives. People such as our friends, teachers, and other family members are considered to be part of our outside environment. In today’s time we are seeing less nuclear families and more single parent households. (Waggoner 30) Kimberly J. Waggoner did a study called, â€Å"The Project of Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods† which followed 80 young kids, till the age of 30, to see what kind of an impact their childhood had on them as an adult. She found that without two reliable role models, it can make a difference in that child’s behavior. Waggoner 30) She makes a great point that, â€Å"Grandmothers often play an important role in preventing children from developing antisocial behavior, especially those children born to teen mothers. In essence, children with access to extended family and other role models can thrive in a single- parent home. † She also goes on to say, â€Å"Yet, some studies have found that boys raised by their birth mother and a stepfat her are no better off than boys raised by mom alone. † (Waggoner 30) The cause of this could be that the boys look at their stepfather as competitors, rather than role models, who normally help children develop their self-esteem. Boys need to have that male role model in their lives. Without a solid home environment, it could lead a child towards the first step to criminal behavior, which is delinquent behavior. It starts as young as preschool. The child shows aggressive behavior toward their peers, and is than deemed as an outcast. Most times, this creates poor peer relations and causes those children to b e with others who share similar behaviors; usually these relationships continue into adolescents and maybe even adulthood. Waggoner 28) A child’s environment and upbringing has a tremendous effect on who they become as an adult. â€Å"As an adult, we can choose the environment in which to live, and this will either positively or negatively reinforce our personality traits†¦ However, children are limited to the extent of choosing their environment, which accounts for the greater influence of environmental factors in childhood behavior,† says Caitlin Jones, a professor at the Rochester Ins titute of Technology. Jones 4) Even though all these things can cause criminal behavior, they are not the only causes. Parents could be great and do almost everything right and still have a criminal child on their hands. It is a great question they may never be answered, what makes some people commit vindictive criminal acts, while others could not even kill a fly? We may never truly know the answer but, there are plenty of theories on the brain of a criminal. An Italian psychiatrist by the name of Cesare Lombroso has done countless studies of the skulls of criminals and found, â€Å"†¦ each type of crime is committed by men with a particular physiognomic characteristics, such as a lack of a bred or an abundance of hair†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rafter 69) In 1876 during an in depth study, Lombroso discovered most skulls of criminals were unusually small or malformed. Some of the skulls had a median occipital fossetta, and others had â€Å"monkeylike anomalies†. (Rafter 70) Criminals are said to look like everyone else, but there are little differences that to the normal person, go unnoticed. So they really do not look a whole lot different than the rest of us, yet they are still thought to be â€Å"backward intellectually compared to an honest man. †(Rafter 69) Another theory behind the criminal mind was brought up in the late 18th century by a German physician named Johann Gasper Spurzheim, and he came to what he thought, was an inescapable conclusion, â€Å"†¦ on the basis of numerous examples I have identified the primary cause of homicide, overdevelopment of the organ of Destructiveness, which is the seat of both negative and useful forms of destruction†¦It is commonly larger in men than women. (Rafter 78) Crimes are committed everyday; there are so many theories on the causes of crime one could talk about them for days. I believe both Lombroso and Spurzheim had great points; criminals are considered to be backward, which causes them to be vain, vindictive, remorseless, and undeterrable. Than, Spurzheim, believing in his organ of Destructiveness. Th ere is just one thing wrong with both of these theories; they leave out the women criminals. Men may be considered to be more physically violent than women but, they are just as capable as men at committing a violent act. Take the case of Andre Yates: in 2001, she systematically drowned her five children in a bath tub. Andre married a man by the name of Rusty Yates in 1993, and than she became pregnant six times in seven years, one ended in a miscarriage. Rusty insisted that Yates home school and take full care of the children herself. This placed heavy burdens on her and isolated her from social support. In early 2001, Andre lost her father and was prescribed antipsychotic drugs, she had her last child and went into postpartum psychosis. After drowning the children, Yates confessed she was not a good mother and was possessed by Satan. (Rafter 6) All the burdens of schooling, caring and cleaning up after five children can drive some mothers crazy. She could not handle all that stress than, after the trauma of losing her father, and having another baby, Andre Yates finally snapped. She is now incarcerated in a mental hospital. Cesare Lombroso also studied women criminals. He compared female offenders to their male counterparts and found â€Å"the few violent women exceed men in their ferocity and cruelty. (Rafter 71) Of course, there are far more crimes that are committed by men than women, yet women should not be eliminated from the world of crime. A criminal is a criminal, regardless of gender. Why do some offenders only commit one crime and others make a career out of it? A range of thoughts and theories exist. Some of those include: Kimberly Waggoner and all her ideas of childhood causes, outside environment, and our upbringing, Caitlin Jones and being able to choose our own environment as an adult to stop potential criminals. Also important are those of Nicole Rafter and the criminal brain, along with Lombroso, on women criminals and their male counterparts. Criminal behavior has been the subject for debate for centuries and will continue to be for centuries to come because, â€Å"Criminals are remorseless, incapable of resisting impulse to harm others, and morally savage, but in other aspects normal. † (Rafter 20) Hopefully, with all the knowledge we have and the studies yet to come, it will help to end the frustration that criminal justice psychiatrist experience while trying to fight crime, instead they will be able to understand, control and prevent crime. How to cite Causes of Criminal Behavior, Papers

Looking At Human Growth And Development Social Work Essay Example

Looking At Human Growth And Development Social Work Essay As a societal attention worker I have frequently learned through test and mistake what works in the existent universe, establishing my pattern on common-sense and non on abstract theories. But I recognise my positions are frequently based on sentiment and bias instead than evidence-based, peer-reviewed cognition and as Beckett suggests, our ain theories and thoughts about why people are as they are and behave as they behave, are normally rather inconsistent and arbitrary, based on our ain experience and on our ain demands ( Beckett, 2002:8 ) . Human growing and development theory is concerned with understanding how people grow and change throughout their lives, from the critical early phases to old age, and hence is indispensable for informing societal work pattern. The theory can be applied to a assortment of countries within human life and behavior including societal, cultural, emotional and psychological, and besides, moral, rational, religious and biological point of views. In this assignment I will concentrate on the psychological and cultural significance of the phases of development in relation to a 12 twelvemonth old in surrogate attention. Jake, a double heritage British male, was taken into attention 4 old ages ago following him being removed from his female parent Maggie an African Caribbean female aged 32. Jake and Maggie lived in a 3rd floor, 2 sleeping room flat in an country where drug dealing and drug related offense is common topographic point. In Jake s sleeping room he had a plastic box for his apparels and mattress on the bare floor with a pail for a lavatory as Maggie would lock him in his room when she went out. Maggie had been utilizing drugs for many old ages and her old spouse ( Jake s male parent ) introduced her to heroin 5 old ages ago. She rapidly became addicted and the relationship broke down shortly afterwards. Jake s male parent has non had any contact or attempted to do contact since the interruption up. Jake and Maggie had been known to Social Services as Maggie was a victim of domestic force and spent 4 months in a adult females s safety. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At Human Growth And Development Social Work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At Human Growth And Development Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At Human Growth And Development Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Jake has had a figure of placement dislocations and has been unable to organize any fond regards with any of the Foster carers. Jake would frequently stool around the house and his last placement broke-down because Jake defecated in the Foster carers bed so went on to smear their sleeping room walls. Jake displayed troubles in utilizing a knife and fork and would frequently acquire frustrated and either eat with a spoon or his custodies. Maggie had been diagnosed as enduring from a terrible depression, worsened by her drug dependence. It is thought that whilst Maggie was traveling through a depressive episode she would physically mistreat Jake. Jake was frequently left on his ain for long periods whilst Maggie would be out in hunt of drugs. When she returned home Jake was subjected to emotional maltreatment and was frequently blamed by Maggie for their state of affairs. Jake has been in the fosterage system for a figure of old ages and in that clip he has non formed any meaningful fond regards. Whilst in arrangement Jake disclosed events and ideas which alerted Foster carers to the fact that there may be some unsolved issues that need to be addressed before Jake can travel on with his ain growing and development. Jake would frequently return to drawing his hair and slaming his caput on the wall if he felt he had done something incorrect and was traveling to be blamed for it. For illustration, when he by chance interrupting a cup. Jake is being assessed by CAMHs as he has been exposing behavior that indicates there may be an implicit in depressive mental wellness job. Theories of human development have produced accounts about the beginnings of mental upset in the countries of psycho-analysis and kid psychological science, from the early expansive theories of Freud and Bowlby and farther developed by Klein and Ainsworth. Freud saw psychodynamic theory as a more enlightening theoretical account in associating past psychological events to present twenty-four hours symptoms. Freud believed behavior is non ruled by witting procedures but conflicting unconscious procedures, he saw a individual s psychological procedures affecting antagonizing forces viing in an intra psychic struggle , a construct shared by many theoreticians of human growing and development. In Freud s theoretical account a kid starts life with specific basic instinctual demands, such as for nutrient or sexual satisfaction. Internally, the Idaho continually seeks to run into these demands, while the self-importance mediates between the desires of the Idaho and the restraints of the external universe, peculiarly the demands of important and powerful grownups in the kid s life, such as his female parent and instructors. Harmonizing to Freud these grownup figures are finally internalised in the signifier of the superego, or grownup scruple s. The kid s self-importance efforts to negociate the viing demands placed upon him, developing his ain distinguishable personality and come oning to adulthood ( Freud, 1949 ) . Erikson s psychosocial phases of development have Freudian psychodynamic beginnings. The thought that unconscious procedures cause struggle within worlds is besides cardinal to Erikson s theory. His staged development theoretical account is based on the thought that these intra-psychic struggles occur throughout our lives and necessitate to be resolved satisfactorily if we are to avoid psychological hurt and mental unwellness ( Erikson, 1995 ) . Erikson s psychosocial theory of human development physiques on Freud s psychodynamic theoretical account, but while Erikson accepts thoughts, such as the unconscious, he rejects constructs of the personality which are described entirely in footings of gender. Again, like Freud, Erikson believed childhood was cardinal in the development of personality, but that the personality continued to develop beyond the age of five ( Erikson, 1995 ) . Erikson s psychosocial theoretical account describes eight phases from babyhood and maturity. At each phase a individual encounters new challenges. If they are non successful in run intoing these challenges, they may re-emerge as jobs in the hereafter. However, while each phase presents new challenges, they besides provide chances to cover with the unsolved issues. In Erikson s theoretical account there is no premise that one phase has to be to the full completed or that the most favorable result has to be achieved before traveling on. In fact, he acknowledges that it is likely that everyone will hold unresolved issues from old phases and there is a favourable ratio between favorable and unfavorable results ( Erikson, 1987 ) . However, the more unsolved issues carried frontward, will hinder successful progressionaˆÂ ¦an unfavorable result in one phase makes it more hard to run into to the full the challenge of the following phase ( Beckett, 2006:42 ) . Erikson s theoretical account proposes a first phase that involves set uping a sense of trust ( 0 1 yrs. ) . If partially or wholly unsuccessful at this phase, so it will be more hard to accomplish a sense of liberty at the following phase ( 1 3 year. ) , and so more hard still to develop a capacity for enterprise in the following phase ( 3 5 year ) . The following phase in Erikson s theoretical account ( 6 11 year ) involves set uping a sense of competency and accomplishment, assurance in one s ain ability to do and make things ( Beckett, 2006: 43 ) . It is hard to reason how successful Jake was able to negociate old phases, nevertheless it has been suggested that despite hardships some kids are able to develop moderately well-balanced personalities showing resiliency and normal development under hard fortunes ( Crawford A ; Walker, 2003: 48 ) . One of the failings of Freud s and Erikson s theories of human growing and development utilizing phases as the theoretical account, is the underlying premise that everyone s lives follow these peculiar linear lines, and that we all, more or less, achieve the same mileposts at the same clip. However, we know this is seldom the instance. It appears, for case, that these theories were based entirely on a white, male Eurocentric theoretical account, and do non see specifically imposts from other civilizations or position. Baltes ( 1987 ) , for illustration, suggests human development is multidimensional, affecting biological, cognitive and societal dimensions, and multidirectional, non to be viewed as a individual fixed path which represents the norm, but as periods of changing growing and differing waies. Bowlby differs from Freud in that he saw an fond regard between kid, and female parent or primary attachment figure ( which may differ harmonizing to the societal and cultural background of household ) , as an indispensable demand in itself and non merely to run into basic demands, such as, nutrient and sex: Mother love in babyhood and childhood is as of import for mental wellness as are vitamins and proteins for physical wellness ( Bowlby, 1953 ) . Attachment theoreticians maintain that the manner we relate to other people through our lives is influenced significantly by our first relationship with our female parent or primary attachment figure ( Howe, 1995 ; Howe et Al, 1999 ) . They suggest, like Erikson and Freud, that many jobs in adulthood root from unsolved issues in these early fond regard relationships and these early relationships can determine an adults ability to organize relationships, to parent, to cover with loss, and influence mental wellness in maturity ( Bowlby, 1 990 ) . While accepting much of his work, critics of Bowlby claim he placed excessively much accent on the child/mother relationship and suggest kids may organize several fond regards which can be every bit of import ( Rutter, 1981 ; Fahlberg 1991 ) . However, kids who experience injuries are sometimes unable to come on without quashing or shuting down portion of their witting consciousness of these events. We can conceive of Jake necessitating to close out his experiences of childhood disregard and, harmonizing to Freud, automatically and unconsciously quash the events of disregard and maltreatment. We can see how barricading out these unsolved issues could emerge in the signifier of depression at some point in the hereafter. There is grounds of the societal beginnings of depression in adult females, proposing that specific life events, losingss and major long term jobs, such as childhood maltreatment, are important causes of depression ( Brown A ; Harris, 1978 ) . I feel that thi s best reflects Maggie s current state of affairs. We can conceive of Jake sing a sense of loss or maternal want ( Crawford A ; Walker, 2003 ) when faced with his female parent s depression. This is a common emotional reaction in carers of grownups with depression, the apparently most cardinal and common experience was the feeling that the individual they had known who had become sick had gone off: they had become person elseaˆÂ ¦there is the loss of the individual that was, and secondly, and more complexly, there is the experience of the loss of the old possibilities ( Jones, 1996: 98-99 ) . Although Maggie may hold experienced depression continuously before Jake s birth, it is more likely that she had periods of reprieve when her capacity for emotional heat and heed to her boy s demands was greater than during times of backsliding. The difference in the consistence and strength of a kid s attachment relationships is considered an of import factor by a figure of attachment theoreticians ( Ainsworth, 1973 ) . The theories of human growing and development discussed above suggest that Jake s experience of maltreatment as a kid may forestall him from developing into a mentally healthy grownup. He may hold automatically and unconsciously repressed the injury of these events, merely to see the mental hurt of depression in the hereafter. Jake may hold experienced physical maltreatment from an early age and failed to successfully accomplish a sense of trust or liberty or develop a capacity for enterprise while turning up. Even comparatively short periods of physical maltreatment at important phases may hold placed terrible force per unit areas on his relationship with his female parent. Jake may hold merely known his female parent as down, but their relationship may hold determined Jake s future capacity to organize relationships, for case, with surrogate carer s or at school with friends and instructors. The method of intercession in Jake s life could be usefully informed by research that links mental hurt with experiences of impotence. It has been suggested that mental hurt may be seen as utmost internalizations of impotence puting a paralysing power both over those who may see such signifiers of hurt, and those who portion their lives ( Tew, 2005: 72 ) . Using societal theoretical accounts, Tew suggests two complementary ways to understand mental hurt, internalization or moving out of nerve-racking societal experiences and a header or survival strategyaˆÂ ¦to trade with peculiar painful or nerve-racking experiences ( Tew, 2005: 20 ) . A individual s mental wellness demands may, to a certain extent, be determined by their rank of certain societal groups that experience systematic subjugation ( Fernando, 1995 ; Gomm, 1996 ) . Oppression, exclusion and impotence are the cardinal subjects of many societal theoretical accounts of mental wellness demands, related to structural inequalities in footings of age, gender, race and category and so on, and affecting households in footings of maltreatment. As societal workers we occupy a comparatively powerful place and may conspire with the systematic subjugation of black people with mental wellness demands: Factors such as subjugation, unfairness, societal exclusion or maltreatment at the custodies of powerful others may be implicated in the sequences of events that lead up to many people s experiences of mental and emotional dislocation. Power issues may besides determine the reactions that people receive from professionals and the wider community-for illustration, grounds suggests that African-Caribbean people may be more likely than many white groups to be dealt with more coercively ( Tew, 2005: 71 ) . When coming to a phase where we may be better able to understand Jake s current fortunes and doing initial judgements about the type of intercession most effectual in this instance, we need to recognize the restrictions of our penetrations and avoid the booby traps of doing noncritical premises. Tew suggests that authorization can be an built-in portion in the procedure of Jake s recovery. He outlines a theoretical account of power in footings of protection and co-operation and oppressive and conniving: In its more negative signifiers ( oppressive or conniving power ) it may be seen to play a function in building societal state of affairss which contribute to straiten or breakdownaˆÂ ¦in its more positive signifiers ( protective or co-operative power ) it starts to specify the district for effectual partnership working, anti-oppressive pattern and the enabling of recovery and societal inclusion ( Tew, 2005, p. 86 ) . Harmonizing to the psychodynamic theoretical account of human growing, Jake may hold grown up with many intra-psychic struggles which may be emerging in the signifier of a neurotic or reactive depression. He may hold many witting and unconscious demands which she has suppressed and repressed. In denying and barricading out the fulfillment of these demands, he may hold shut down countries of his consciousness which allows him to: experience emotion ; interact with others in a self-generated manner ; or see carry throughing close and intimate relationships with carer and their partner. Depending on the extent of physical maltreatment he encountered during his upbringing, it would be sensible to presume that he may hold been wholly or partially unsuccessful in: accomplishing a capacity for trust with his parent ; accomplishing liberty ; or developing a capacity for taking inaugural, as described in Erikson s psychosocial theoretical account. For these grounds, it seems likely he will h old failed to keep a healthy, consistent and sustained relationship with his female parent or other primary attachment figure in the opprobrious state of affairs he found himself. Intervention must take to turn to issues of power and impotence, both in the Foster carer/child relationship and outside it. As a adult male, as a individual with mental wellness demands, and as a member of a black or minority cultural group, Jake may see subjugation, maltreatment and societal exclusion. To turn to these issues elements of authorization and partnership should be portion of the attack with an intercession designed to turn to Jake s mental wellness demands should affect edifice on his attempts to accomplish his ain full potency. This will include his ability to organize and keep healthy relationships with others, that would decrease any dependance on formal bureaus and develop an alternate beginning of positive support and increase societal inclusion.